The Life and Role of Cesar Chavez - Free Essay Example

Sample details Pages: 4 Words: 1188 Downloads: 4 Date added: 2019/08/02 Category People Essay Level High school Tags: Cesar Chavez Essay Did you like this example? Cesar Chavez was a Mexican-American activist who helped numerous people, both immigrants, and natural citizens. Chavez saw the value in all human life no matter how small the job that life did. He knew that all jobs no matter how small supported the rest of the economy and the country. Don’t waste time! Our writers will create an original "The Life and Role of Cesar Chavez" essay for you Create order He knew the mistreatment of the people in the lower class first hand, and he fought to make it right. Chavez fought his fight for the basic human rights of his people. His tactics were peaceful, he believed in nonviolence; he fought using civil disobedience. Sit-ins, rallies, marches, and hunger strikes were his methods of achieving his goals. Inspired by Mahatma Gandhi and Dr. Martin Luther King Jr., Cesar Chavez worked alongside Dolores Huerta to achieve his goals. (AFL-CIO) Cesar Chavez was born on the thirty-first of March in 1927 in North Gila Valley, Arizona to Libardo Chavez and Juana Estrada Chavez. His father, Libarado, was a small businessman and his mother, Juana, was the owner and operator of a grocery store, a garage, and a pool house in the small town where Cesar grew up. Chavez grew up in the same small adobe home where he was born, and it was the same home the large family all shared. Chavez grew up a Catholic thanks to his devout mother, and he shared this faith with his four siblings. His family was not rich, but compared to some of the other families in the town where he grew up, he was much more well-off, because his family had a deal with a local landowner, which allowed the Chavez family to work the same land year after year. However, the Chavez family was evicted from the land they had been working for almost fifty years, and the trials and serious hardships that inspired Cesar Chavez to make a change began. (aflcio.org, paragraph s 1-4) The family moved to California near the Californian-Mexican border seeking jobs. There his parents joined the massive and growing fleet of migrant farm workers, where often he and his siblings would have to work picking crops in the fields with their parents to make ends meet. The family often had to sleep in a car and work long hours to have enough food to eat. Cesar dropped out of school after finishing the eighth grade and attending a total of thirty-six schools. (aflcio.org, paragraph 4) In hopes of bettering himself, Chavez lied about his age to gain admittance to the navy. He served for two years, then he was honorably discharged. A few years later, in 1948, he married his longtime love, Helen Fabela. In 1952, Chavez began to work for CSO (Community Service Organization) a civil rights group that represented Latinos. One day, a leader of CSO in Santa Clara County, California, introduced Chavez to Fred Ross the man who would open the doors to the rest of Chavez’s future. (aflcio.org, paragraph 5) Fred Ross was in charge of the CSO in Chavez’s area. He mentored Chavez in organizing for CSO. The Latino population of Santa Clara County was largely poor, lived in inhumane living conditions, many could not read, and very few had access to health care because they were unable to afford it. The CSO helped the Latinos of Santa Clara County overcome these obstacles. They assisted in any way that they could, however since the majority of the people that the CSO served were migrant farm workers and also Latino they suffered manipulation by the farm owners that they worked for. Chavez had not only experienced this extortion, but he now had a platform to bring this extortion to light, so that is exactly what he did. Chavez’s first movement, called the Plan of Delano, was a strike against grape farmers. Grapes are one of the largest crops that California produces. However, the people that work in the vineyards are not always, and during the fifties and sixties, rarely treate d with dignity according to the AFL-CIO. The Church teaches that there is dignity in all work and that all people should be treated and paid fairly for their work. â€Å"Work is more than just a job; it is a reflection of our human dignity and a way to contribute to the common good. Blessed John Paul II called work ‘probably the essential key to the whole social question’ (Laborem Exercens, No. 15). Wages earned from work are the primary way people meet their material needs and contribute to the common good.†, says the United States Conference of Catholic Bishops in â€Å"Just Wage and the Federal Minimum Wage† written in February 2014 (page 2, paragraph 4). Chavez worked tirelessly to organize this strike, he wrote letters, organized rallies, and even went on a hunger strike to gain publicity for the strike. His strike asked simply for the right to unionize the industry. The unions could help the people within them to get health insurance, and education, and even things as simple as more fair hours. (Huelga! Tales of the Delano Revolution) After his first successful strike, Chavez outlined his the ideals of his social movement. Firstly, he defined the movement as â€Å"social movement†, or workers seeking out their God-given rights. Secondly one of his goals was to gain the support of federal groups. He believed that legislators could have helped protect the rights of those who could not protect themselves. He cited these main concerns as the basis for his change: extremely low wages, forced migration, epidemic sickness, illiteracy, and subhuman living conditions. He blamed some of these on the extortion by the farm owners. Another thing he asked for was support from the Catholic Church. He noticed that the people he represented were predominantly Catholic. They even carried images of the Virgin of Guadalupe into the field to watch over them as they labored. (americanexperience.si.edu, paragraph 3-7) He agreed with Pope Leo XIII’s â€Å"Rerum Novarum† saying, â€Å"Everyones first duty is to pro tect the workers from the greed of speculators who use human beings as instruments to provide themselves with the money. It is neither just, nor humane to oppress men with work to the point where their minds become enfeebled and bodies are worn out.†(americanexperience.si.edu, paragraph 7) In order to solve these problems, he called for the unionization of California’s farm workers. He knew that the strength of the people was not in their wealth or their great education. Their strength was in their numbers. Chavez taught that nonviolence was the only way to make a real change. Even when the people for whom he was fighting grew weary of his passiveness, he persisted. He advocated for some of the most oppressed people in the United States. He fought for what he believed in. Even though Chavez passed away in 1993 (AFL-CIO, paragraph 13), he leaves the world a better place with his legacy. He opened the gateway for a more just society. A society that is based on the dignity of the human being. He helped announce to all people that there is value in lowly jobs. â€Å"Blessed are lowly, for they shall inherit the Earth.† (New International Bible, Matthew 5:5)

Analysis Of The Huffington Post Can Be Informed Of...

14256151 Audience Statement: With over 15 international editions, The Huffington Post can be described as a one stop online access for its readers to be informed of politics, business, lifestyle, and many more topics. According to the demographics provided from the Nielson Company, the clear majority of readers are well educated, most of which having a post-graduate degree1. This means that most of the readers are above the age of 19, and that using inappropriate diction (e.g. teen slang) could potentially characterize my writing as immature, thus deterring readers from the article. Moreover, images added into the article should not disrupt the tone, but instead, further elucidate my concepts. In addition, I plan to use a style of writing that is intellectually stimulating in accordance to the audience’s level of education. Since my audience includes people with a variety of educational backgrounds, scientific and psychological terms should be clearly defined so that all readers are ab le to understand the context of the article. However, such formal language should not restrict my writing to be perceived as dull and unengaging. Instead, I will try to deliver my writing in a way that will be informative, compelling, and easily understood by readers. THE HUFFINGTON POST _____________LIVING______________ Better Than ZzzQuil – Three Ways to Improve Your Sleep â€Å"The worst thing in the world is to try to sleep and not to† – F. Scott Fitzgerald. According to Gallup, theShow MoreRelated65 Successful Harvard Business School Application Essays 2nd Edition 147256 Words   |  190 PagesBUSINESS SCHOOL HARVARD SUCCESSFUL 65 APPLICATION SECOND EDITION E S S AY S APPLICATION BUSINESS SCHOOL HARVARD SUCCESSFUL 65 ECSNS A IYI O N S SE O D ED T With Analysis by the Staff of The Harbus, the Harvard Business School Newspaper ST. MARTIN’S GRIFFIN NEW YORK 65 SUCCESSFUL HARVARD BUSINESS SCHOOL APPLICATION ESSAYS, SECOND EDITION. Copyright  © 2009 byThe Harbus News Corporation. All rights reserved. Printed in the United States of AmericaRead MoreDoctorate9485 Words   |  38 Pagestrend in marketing that emphasizes the importance of archetypes and imprints in branding. It allows marketers to be apprehensive of cultural difference and mindsets by looking at the â€Å"cultural conscious.† This has become an especially important topic due to the increased lines of communications and the increased globalization of companies today. Research discussed in this literature review highlights the importance of utilizing imprints and cultural archetypes in building relationships withRead MoreStephen P. Robbins Timothy A. Judge (2011) Organizational Behaviour 15th Edition New Jersey: Prentice Hall393164 Words   |  1573 Pageslikewise. To obtain permission(s) to use material from this work, please submit a written request to Pearson Education, Inc., Permissions Department, One Lake Street, Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458, or you may fax your request to 201-236-3290. Many of the designations by manufacturers and sellers to distinguish their products are claimed as trademarks. Where those designations appear in this book, and the publisher was aware of a trademark claim, the designations have been printed in initialRead MoreLogical Reasoning189930 Words   |  760 Pages David M. Adams, California State Polytechnic University These examples work quite well. Their diversity, literacy, ethnic sensitivity, and relevancy should attract readers. Stanley Baronett. Jr., University of Nevada Las Vegas Far too many authors of contemporary texts in informal logic – keeping an eye on the sorts of arguments found in books on formal logic – forget, or underplay, how much of our daily reasoning is concerned not with arguments leading to truth-valued conclusions

Structure Of The Kidney Samples for Students †MyAssignmenthelp.com

Question: Discuss about the Structure Of The Kidney. Answer: Nephron structure The nephron is the microscopic structure of the kidney, made up of about one million small tubes known as the tubulues. The nephrons confer both the functional as well as structural unit of the kidneys. The nephron consists of two compartments: the malphagian body and the renal tubes. The malphagian body is a double walled cup that surrounds several capillaries. This cup is commonly known as the bowmans capsule while the network of capillaries is known as the glomerulus. The main parts of the nephron tubule are the proximal convoluted tubule, loop of Henle, distal convoluted tubule and the collecting duct. It is worth noting that a substantial amount of glucose, small proteins and other useful materials are reabsorbed in the proximal convoluted tubule. The afferent arteriole which is a branch of the renal artery finds its way to the glomerulus and ultimately divides into so many capillaries. These capillaries unite again to form the efferent arterioles which leaves the glomerulus onc e more. The bore is the diameter of the lumen in the afferent arteriole which is bigger than that of the efferent arteriole. Moreover, the walls of the capillaries are made up of the squamous endothelial material which is found on the basement membrane. The cells contain several tiny pores on the capillary walls to facilitate the passage of materials. Moreover, the capillary walls on the Bowmans capsule consist of the squamous epithelium and rests in the basement membrane to be modified into special cells known as the podocytes (Lasagni et al., 2015). The renal tubules This is a very crucial structure of the kidney since it contains the tube fluids which are finally filtered into urine for excretion by the body. These tubules are part of the nephrons and each normal kidney has about one million nephrons with each having the renal tubules. Thus these structures are described as the end of the neuron because after the tubular fluids leave the renal tubules, they end up in the collecting ducts, which empties to the ureter. The tubular fluid starts as the glomerular filtrate which consists of the fluids filtered from the body by the glomerulus. Once the filtrate begins leaving the glomerulus, it enters into the proximal tubule which is the first portion of the renal tubules. In the proximal tubules, there is the regulation of the pH and secretion of organic acids which are not needed by the body into the filtrate. Moreover, there is an increased reabsorption of water and sodium ions back into the body by the capillaries. The midpoint of the renal tubul es is known as the tube of Henle and functions to create a concentrate of the sodium and chloride ions, urea and other wastes into the urine while at the same time absorbing more water back to the body. Finally, the distal convoluted tubule is farthest and enables the pH regulation through secretion of protons in form of hydrogen ions into the urine and absorbing back the negatively charged bicarbonate ions (Subramanya Ellison, 2014). This step is very important in the regulation of various ions in blood such as the calcium, sodium, and potassium. When the filtrate is passing down the descending loop of Henle, it does this in a contrary direction to the fluids inside the ascending limbs. The fluids are highly concentrated when moving down and more dilute when moving upwards. This fashion is known as the countercurrent flow thus allowing the production of the concentrated urine. Formation of urine and secretion Formation of urine occurs in three steps which involve various regulatory processes. These are the glomerular filtration, reabsorption in the tubes and secretions. In glomerular filtration, the glomerulus filters low molecular weight materials in blood and retains the high molecular weight substances like proteins. This clearly means that the proteins will be retained in the blood and not lost in urine. If during a test, proteins are found in urine, this is indicative of kidney damage or any other disease which could be affecting the glomerular membrane. In the reabsorption stage, even though the filtrate in the glomerulus has the same concentration of glucose as the plasma, none of it is found in urine (Dantzler, 2016). Therefore, glucose should be completely reabsorbed inside the tubules when the sugar concentrations are normal. Basically, reabsorption of materials is dependent on the renal threshold of the materials inside. Different solid materials get reabsorbed at various sites of the renal tubules. Glucose, amino acids and small proteins can pass through the glomerulus and hence their absorptions occurs in the first portion of the proximal tubules. On the other hand, bicarbonates, sodium and chlorides get absorbed in a uniform manner along all parts of the proximal and distal tubules. However, potassium ions are reabsorbed in the proximal tubules and later get secreted in the distal tubules. Even though majority of materials are reabsorbed in the tubules, there are others which are actively transported and excreted in the lumen of the tubules. In the tubules of man, majority of the materials which are secreted are creatinine and potassium ions. It is at these sites that the foreign materials such as diagnostic and therapeutic that have been introduced get removed through urine. Hormonal regulation of the kidneys For the kidneys to function well, the interplay of three hormones is needed. These hormones include the adrenal cortex hormone, vasopressin and parathormone. The aldosterone hormone is involved in the excretion of sodium ions and potassium ions. The parathormone stimulates the secretion of phosphates while vasopressin is an antidiuretic hormone which facilitates the reabsorption of water. In the vent that the vasopressin hormone is absent, then there will be production of high amounts of dilute hormone. Diseases of the kidneys Glomerulonephritis This is a renal disease which is mostly occurs through an immunologic reaction that leads to inflammation and growth of the glomerular tissues. This in turn causes the damage to the basement of the glomerular membranes and the capillary endothelial cells. In this condition, the glomerular lesions result from the deposition or the formation of immune complexes in situ. When viewed, the kidneys are enlarging and some observable histopathological changes include swelling of the glomerular tuts and deposition of immunoglobulins. During acute glomerulonephritis, there are both structural as well as functional changes to the glomerulus. In terms of structural changes, when there is cell proliferation, the number of cells increases in the glomerular tut since the sizes of the endothelium also increases (Chiu et al., 2015). The proliferation of the leukocytes is shown through the presence of neutrophils and monocytes in the capillaries of the glomerulus. Then the thickening of the glomerulus basal membranes begins, it is manifested by the thickening of the capillary walls when viewed under the microscope. Other causes of glomerulonephritis are the trapping of inflammatory cells such as macrophages and thrombocytes in the glomeruli. These inflammatory cells circulate and accumulate leading to the redness of the glomeruli. Infection like from bacterial agents such as the Streptococci strains can cause proliferative glomerulonephritis. These bacteria target the pharyngeal tissues leading to post infections that make the kidneys inflamed. Majority of the glomerulonephritis is caused by immunologic responses to several agents. The immunological response then activates several biological pathways like the complements and growth factors leading to glomerular injuries and inflammation. During immunological damage, the humoral response involving T helper cells is one of the etiological agents which leads to the depositions of immunoglobulins and complement activation in the glomerulus. On most occasions, the deposition of immune complexes is a result of some binding of antibodies to antigens f ound within the glomerulus. These antigens could be structural components of the glomerulus like the good pasture antigen which is found in the non-collagen portion of the type IV collagen of the basal membrane of the glomerulus. When the glomerulus becomes damaged, the waste materials accumulate in the body leading to vomiting, lack of sleep, swelling in the ankles, and shortness of breath. In other cases, the damage in the glomerulus may cause loss of blood and proteins through urine. Glomerulonephritis can be fatal if not treated in time, and can be acute or chronic. In the acute glomerulonephritis, the disease occurs suddenly and may occur especially after a person has had a throat or skin infection. Some of the common symptoms linked with acute glomerulonephritis include hematuria, puffy face in the mornings, and low urination levels. The acute glomerulonephritis may not need medication but in some other cases, medication may be required in order to prevent the infections from moving to other parts of the kidneys (Artinger et al., 2017). The chronic glomerulonephritis takes several years to develop and makes renal symptoms to develop slowly across time. Some common symptoms of chronic glomerulonephritis include high blood pressure, hematuria, edema, and frequent urination during the night. The tubular acidosis This is a disease which develops when the kidneys are unable to excrete acids into the urine. This causes the blood of an individual to become quite acidic, i.e. it has low pH. If there is a lack of proper treatment, chronic tubular acidity develops causing growth retardation, chronic kidney disease, total kidney failure and kidney stones (Santos, Gil-Pea, Alvarez-Alvare, 2017). These acids are normally formed during the normal metabolism as food is turned into energy. While some level of acidity in the blood is normal, too much acids disturbs the body functions such as the acid base balance. Renal calculi disease Calculi means that there are stones which have developed in the body and they are not only limited to the urinary system but to other body parts as well. They are common in the kidneys, gall bladder, gastrointestinal system and bladder where these stones cause obstruction and inflammation. Renal calculi are a solid mass that develops in the kidneys leading to the aggregation of crystals in the urine. They are considered as the most painful and common disorders of the urinary tract infections. Its formation begins when the urine is so concentrated leading to the crystallization of chemicals that should otherwise be dissolved in urine, thus forming hard mineral deposits (Wirth et al., 2014). These deposits can no longer pass in the urine and hence form kidney stones. Classes of renal calculus are based on the composition of the stones whereby these materials exceed the normal values in urine. The most common form is the calcium stones that form due to the combination between calcium an d oxalate, and phosphates probably due to diet imbalance. Another type is the uric acid formed when the concentration of uric acid in urine grows too high (Ding et al., 2015). Uric acid and calcium stones are the most common forms in men while the struvite stones are found in women. The struvite stones are formed via the combination of calcium, ammonium phosphate and magnesium ions since women have a shorter urethra and hence urinary tract infections. While the struvite stones are big enough to be visualized on x-rays, they can grow bigger and block the ureter, bladder and the kidneys. Another type is the cysteine stones which are formed as a result of a combination between cysteine, arginine and ornithine amino acids where the tubules are unable to reabsorb some amino acids. In the actual pathophysiology of the disease, the chemicals in the body accumulate in the kidneys. This is the opposite in people who have normal kidney functions since these chemicals can easily dissolve in the urine. Diabetic nephropathy This is a group of neural disorders that result from damage in the nerves and arise from either one or more diabetes causes. This condition is also based on the kidney diseases of patients who have initiated the renal replacement therapy who already are type 1 or 2 diabetes (Schena Gesualdo, 2005). Diabetic nephropathy develops from multigenetic predisposition whereby hyperglycemia in diabetes causes a direct renal damage. It does this by inducing the activation of the protein kinase C and hence increased glycosylated products and manufacture of diacylglycerols. This condition also causes the hemodynamic variations like glomerular hyper filtration, and shear stress to the kidney tissues. This form of alterations causes abnormal stimulation of the kidney cells which produces the tumor growth factor beta-1 which is in turn responsible for upregulation of glucose transporters and thus enhanced glucose transport and uptake by the cells. This growth factor is also responsible for massive deposition of extracellular matrix collagen on the glomerulus (Maezawa Takemoto, Yokote, et al., 2015). Since the glomerulus is already thickened by the glomerulus, there is low enzymatic activities which would have degraded the collagen and other matrices, leading to their accumulation. Diabetic nephropathy syndrome is also characterized by persistent microalbuminuria in both insulin and non-insulin dependent diabetes. Since high glucose is the sole cause of these structural changes, the diabetic nephropathy can be treated majorly by controlling glycemic levels. Alternatively, this condition can be treated by the use of transplantation of the pancreas in order to lower down the lesions of the kidneys. Other methods include the control of smoking behaviors, lipids consumption controls and controlling the blood pressure. Early treatment of glucose levels in the young adults who are suffering from diabetes has been found to increase the survival rates (Gale et al., 2005). Concerning the pancreas transplant, in a study involving serial renal biopsies Fioretto, Steffes, Sutherland, Goetz, Mauer (1998) reported that following pancreas transplant, the thickness of the glomerular membrane base reduced gradually in a period of five to ten years. Renal function/ biochemistry tests Urinalysis This tests makes a screening for the possible presence of blood and proteins in the urine. Urinalysis can be used to screen for drug use, pregnancy, monitoring of glucose levels and urinary system disease. Thus urinalysis is a method which is used to test for the physical, chemical as well as microscopic analysis in any sample of urine from a patient. When testing for physical parameters, normal urine is yellow in color because of the presence of uribilin. However, abnormal urine appears dark orange, brown, red in color and has a cloudy appearance (Schroeder, Chang, Shen, Biondi, Greenhow, 2015). These physical changes could be due to either presence of red or white blood cells. These abnormalities are indicative of abnormalities like infections in the liver or kidneys. Specific gravity is one of the physical parameters, that is the concentration of particles and solutes contained in the urine. High levels of specific gravity in urine could indicate diarrheas, abnormal secretion of ADH hormone and glucose in urine and in other cases renal failure. The chemical parameters in urine are tested using a dipstick which has a plastic coated with some reagent. The dipstick color then changes based on the concentrations of glucose, proteins and pH among many other parameters. The presence of bilirubin and blood cells in urine are another signal for possible infection of the kidneys and hence ineffective ultrafiltration. Serum creatinine Creatinine concentration is maintained through a balance on both production as well as secretion by kidneys. The amounts of creatinine in the serum are affected by the factors that affect its production, filtration as well as eventual secretion (Wong et al., 2017). The secretion of creatinine is affected by individual features of the patients, method of testing and time of the day. Bearing in mind that creatinine is generated by the body in a steady manner, and its easily measured using blood samples, then it gives a proper estimate of the glomerular filtration rate; that is the kidney function. The normal reference ranges in men is 0.7 to 1.2 mg/dl and 0.5 to 1.0 mg/dl in women. Based on the serum creatinine measurements, the glomerular filtration rate equations are used to stage the chronic kidney disease. When high protein food like meat is eaten, it is broken down into wastes in the kidneys and the creatinine as a byproduct is filtered from the blood in urine by kidneys. However, if the kidneys are not functioning well, there could be an increased concentration of creatinine in blood because it cannot be filtered into the urine. Thus, a sample of venous blood from a patient is subjected to creatinine test analysis. Blood urea nitrogen The blood urea nitrogen gives a measure of the amount of nitrogen present in the blood coming from the urea waste. The urea is a waste product which is produced after the proteins are broken whereby, the urea is formed in the liver and later passed out in the urine through the kidneys. The proteins during metabolism are broken down into amino acids which then produce ammonia, a toxic compound (Shimizu et al., 2015). Ammonia is in turn converted to urea, a less toxic compound through urea cycle and later lost in urine. Nitrogen is thus a common component of ammonia and urea and hence the name of this biochemical test. Thus, the blood urea nitrogen is done in order to determine how well the kidneys are functioning in the removal of urea from the blood into urine. In the event that the kidneys are not working well, then blood urea levels will be very high. The normal range values for blood urea nitrogen are 8 to 24 mg/dl in men and 6 to 21 mg/dl in women. Glomerular filtration rate This is a test which is commonly used to measure the level of kidney functions and hence enables the staging of the kidney disease. The glomerular filtration rate test is calculated from the measurement of age, blood creatinine, gender and body size. Once the stage of the kidney disease is determined, the medical practitioners can then be able to make a proper treatment plan (Wesson, Pruszynski, Cai, Simoni, 2017). In the event that the glomerular filtration rate is low, it means that the kidneys are not functioning well and hence the need for immediate medications. While the normal values of this parameter is estimated as 90, there are other factors like progressive aging which causes a decrease in this value even in the absence of a kidney disease. Common symptoms of this condition are blood in urine, pain in the back near the kidneys, swelling om the wrists and ankles and painful urination. References Artinger, K., Kirsch, A. H., Aringer, I., Moschovaki-Filippidou, F., Eller, P., Rosenkranz, A. R., Eller, K. (2017). Innate and adaptive immunity in experimental glomerulonephritis: a pathfinder tale. Pediatric Nephrology, 32(6), 943-947. Chiu, H. Y., Huang, H. L., Li, C. H., Yin, Y. J., Chen, H. A., Hsu, S. T., ... Ho, S. Y. (2015). Increased risk of glomerulonephritis and chronic kidney disease in relation to the severity of psoriasis, concomitant medication, and comorbidity: a nationwide population?based cohort study. British Journal of Dermatology, 173(1), 146-154. Dantzler, W. H. (2016). Initial Process in Urine Formation. In Comparative Physiology of the Vertebrate Kidney (pp. 37-80). Springer, New York, NY. Ding, J., Huang, Y., Gu, S., Chen, Y., Peng, J., Bai, Q., ... Qi, J. (2015). Flexible ureteroscopic management of horseshoe kidney renal calculi. International braz j urol, 41(4), 683-689. Fioretto, P., Steffes, M. W., Sutherland, D. E., Goetz, F. C., Mauer, M. (1998). Reversal of lesions of diabetic nephropathy after pancreas transplantation. New England Journal of Medicine, 339(2), 69-75. Lasagni, L., Angelotti, M. L., Ronconi, E., Lombardi, D., Nardi, S., Peired, A., ... Burger, A. (2015). Podocyte regeneration driven by renal progenitors determines glomerular disease remission and can be pharmacologically enhanced. Stem cell reports, 5(2), 248-263. Maezawa, Y., Takemoto, M., Yokote, K. (2015). Cell biology of diabetic nephropathy: Roles of endothelial cells, tubulointerstitial cells and podocytes. Journal of diabetes investigation, 6(1), 3-15. Santos, F., Gil-Pea, H., Alvarez-Alvarez, S. (2017). Renal tubular acidosis. Current opinion in pediatrics, 29(2), 206-210. Schena, F. P., Gesualdo, L. (2005). Pathogenetic mechanisms of diabetic nephropathy. Journal of the American Society of Nephrology, 16(3 suppl 1), S30-S33. Schroeder, A. R., Chang, P. W., Shen, M. W., Biondi, E. A., Greenhow, T. L. (2015). Diagnostic accuracy of the urinalysis for urinary tract infection in infants 3 months of age. Pediatrics, 135(6), 965-971. Shimizu, K., Doi, K., Imamura, T., Noiri, E., Yahagi, N., Nangaku, M., Kinugawa, K. (2015). Ratio of urine and blood urea nitrogen concentration predicts the response of tolvaptan in congestive heart failure. Nephrology, 20(6), 405-412. Subramanya, A. R., Ellison, D. H. (2014). Distal convoluted tubule. Clinical Journal of the American Society of Nephrology, CJN-05920613. Wesson, D. E., Pruszynski, J., Cai, W., Simoni, J. (2017). Acid retention with reduced glomerular filtration rate increases urine biomarkers of kidney and bone injury. Kidney international, 91(4), 914-927. Wirth, J., Weikert, S., di Giuseppe, R., Fritsche, A., Boeing, H., Weikert, C. (2014). Relationship between renal calculi and the risk of myocardial infarction and stroke: results from the EPIC-Potsdam study. Clinical Nephrology and Urology Science, 1(1), 3. Wong, F., O'Leary, J. G., Reddy, K. R., Garcia-Tsao, G., Fallon, M. B., Biggins, S. W., ... Maliakkal, B. (2017). Acute kidney injury in cirrhosis: baseline serum creatinine predicts patient outcomes. The American journal of gastroenterology, 112(7), 1103.

Perfecting the art of effective academic composition writing

A well-crafted composition is not just a consolidation of sentences strung together, written with amazing dexterity. A well-crafted composition can take a life on its own, and can be ever so crucial in securing that college seat that might have strayed away from you in the past. Academic essay writing can be the prelude to the most prodigious time you would ever have in your life and could be that decisive home run that would spin things in your favor. It could become your proverbial â€Å"college campaign manager† that would personally lobby you into the campus. However, finding that secret ingredient that turns your composition into something out of the top drawer is not exactly a piece of cake. Sure, you could string few ideas together, write few awesome paragraphs and use verbose language to fulfill the word requirement, but the thing is that it doesn’t work like that anymore. Getting into a top-notch local college would essentially have the other aspects of the adm ission proposal, set in stone and the only thing you can really exert your pressure on is that composition. Learning a thing or two from online writing services. Majority of the companies providing professional essay writing services and would agree that no matter how much formatting and styling you are planning on doing that is only a small part of the whole process. You need to be able to deliver killer content in your composition, ticking all the right boxes relevant to the college of your choice. The question now remains that with regards to academic essay writing what actually packs the biggest punch. It’s really the quintessential 3 step combo that has worked wonders for students all around the world in the past Creating a Win-Win situation For colleges, it’s extremely important for the students to be on the same page as them. For students who seek assistance, online paper writing services value this aspect of the paper the most. These colleges need to understand whether you appreciate the values and principles for which they stand for. In your composition you should relate their psychology with yours and how you can create a situation for them where you would not only be successful in your goals but uphold their values to the fullest and upholding the stature of the college. Personality matters Through each and very sentence that you write, you have to be able to express yourself for what you really are. Your personality should shine in your academic essay writing without being pretentious in any sense of the word. You need to convince the admissions officer that you’re personality stands out from the rest and that in due course of time your name would become synonymous with the institution. Laying down your goals Perhaps the most important part of the composition has to be the part where you actually share with the college your plans. Most professional essay writing services put special emphasis on this part .Whether you feel you could be part of college football team or the news writing department, you need to be clear in your approach and communicate to them that you will be actively involved in a variety of activities without compromising on your direction. Now you know the 3 ingredients that would literally seal the deal as far as your college application goes, so hit your workstations and give it a crack! If you are looking for the premium writing and proofreading services, is the best platform that welcomes the students all across the globe to avail their prestigious editing and proofreading services.

Gangs essays

Gangs essays Researchers frequently use 5 criteria to define a gang: (1) formal organization structure, (2) identifiable leadership, (3) identified with a territory, (4) recurrent interaction and (5) engaging in serious or violent behavior. Pirates were probably the first types of gang in history. To define a gang is a difficult task, but I will give you an idea of what a gang actually is. A gang is a loosely organized peer group of persons in a lower-, middle-, or upper class community who participate in activities that are either harmful to themselves and/or others in society. They share a common name, symbols and colors. Former gangs came together for social reasons. But modern-day gangs meet for anti-social reasons. Gangs tend to form among groups of immigrants to keep their ethnic identity. African-American gangs are believed to confine activities in their own communities. Asian gangs primarily consisted of Cambodian, Vietnamese and Korean youth; go as far away from home as possible to conduct their activities. Anglo gangs are for the most part made up of white supremacists. Researchers have concluded that gangs are consisted of a little more than 90% males. The main reason why gangs are attractive is because they respond to an individuals need for attention and love. They give youth a sense of family and acceptance by others. Alienated youths feel helpless and need a support system. This leads to frustration and anger, so they look for the support some place other than home and school. In gangs, they find a type of support and attention they may have never found with their families. Membership allows youth to find their true identity. Feelings of fear, hatred, bigotry, poverty, disenfranchisement, and the breakdown of social values are considered motivations for joining a gang. For many its a history of abuse in the home setting. They are not given the background needed to understand the value of human life. Peo...

More than One Kind of Irony

More than One Kind of Irony More than One Kind of Irony More than One Kind of Irony By Maeve Maddox Irony and its adjective ironic have joined the class of carelessly used words–like literally and awesome–that drive many language lovers wild. As early as 1926 H.W. Fowler decried the use of irony and ironic to refer to happenings that are merely coincidental or odd. For example, if I run into you in Walmart and an hour later bump into you at OfficeMax, that’s not ironic; it’s a coincidence. If I’m driving to school with barely enough time to make it to class on time and get stuck at a train crossing, that’s annoying or frustrating, but it’s not ironic. Fowler describes three kinds of irony: Socratic irony, dramatic irony, and the irony of Fate. Socratic irony takes its name from the philosopher Socrates who would pretend to be ignorant, so as to encourage his students to argue their beliefs. The television detective Columbo is a master at this kind of irony. Just as Socrates used apparently innocent questions to show up his students’ shaky arguments, Columbo uses feigned humility and ignorance to lure his suspects into talking too much and revealing their guilt. Dramatic irony is the irony of classical Greek drama, written for an audience that knew the details of the drama being presented. This kind of irony produces goose bumps in the audience or reader. When Oedipus swears he’ll bring his father’s murderer to justice, the audience knows that Oedipus is his father’s murderer. When Oedipus innocently marries Jocasta, the audience knows that she’s his mother. Strong stuff, dramatic irony. Novelists set it up by letting the reader know what the characters do not. Irony of Fate occurs when misfortune is the result of Fate, Chance, or God. In Fowler’s words, â€Å"Nature persuades most of us that the course of events is within wide limits foreseeable, that things will follow their usual course† If you watched the video clips of the floods that ravaged England in early 2014, you may have seen the pictures of the fabulous, recently completed mansion, its four-acre grounds ringed by a protective moat; despite the owner’s efforts, the waters triumphed. This is an example of the irony of Fate or Chance, also called cosmic irony. Reedsy defines it from the point of view of writers: Irony is a storytelling tool used to create contrast between how things seem and how they really are beneath the surface. The term â€Å"ironic† comes from the Latin word ironia, which means â€Å"feigned ignorance.† Two other types of irony not mentioned by Fowler are â€Å"verbal irony† and â€Å"situational irony.† Verbal irony occurs when a person says one thing, but means another, for example, saying â€Å"Lucky me!† when you slip on the ice and break your arm. Situational irony is similar to cosmic irony. You go into a situation expecting one outcome, but experience the opposite result. The O. Henry story â€Å"The Gift of the Magi† is built on situational irony: the wife sells her hair to buy her husband a watch fob; the husband sells his watch to buy his wife a decorative comb. The irony is that neither spouse can use the thoughtful gift. Irony has more than one meaning, but â€Å"coincidental† and â€Å"odd† are not among them. Related article: What Is Irony? Want to improve your English in five minutes a day? Get a subscription and start receiving our writing tips and exercises daily! Keep learning! Browse the Writing Basics category, check our popular posts, or choose a related post below:Addressing A Letter to Two PeoplePeace of Mind and A Piece of One's MindSupervise vs. Monitor

Wild Frontier Pt. 3 Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Wild Frontier Pt. 3 - Assignment Example WSS as it integrates the intranet and web applications will make it easier for the company to deploy their applications. The organization’s intranet can be accessed from anywhere by its employees. Uploading the web applications on the intranet makes it easier for the remote offices to access these applications without them necessarily being installed on the local machine (Husman, 2007). Windows SharePoint Services are used for creation, management and sharing of documents. Like any other organization, Wild Frontier has several departments and these departments are interconnected both in the headquarters and field offices. The finance department in the remote office should be able to access the records at the headquarters, and this can be accomplished using SharePoint. Employee A at the headquarters will upload a document on the SharePoint workspace of the finance department and Employee B in one of the field offices accesses it via the intranet. On this very document, Employee B can make changes and save these changes (Husman, 2007). This means that there are two different people working on the same document- each at a time- this avoids duplication of work. The advantage is that SharePoint has document versions and if one does not like the current edited version, they can revert back to the previous version without redoing the whole document. The management wants to make use of the same number of printers with the increased taskforce and field offices. To be able to accomplish this, the printers will have to be connected on a network. Having the printers connected to a common network will make it easier for the employees to print on any machine in the building as long as the printer is configured on the user’s machine or laptop. Additionally, if the printers enable the users to print wirelessly then this makes the whole printing process much faster and convenient. This will see to it that some of the printers are moved

Financial Markets and Bank Management Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words - 1

Financial Markets and Bank Management - Essay Example The banks are faced with credit risk that involves change in net asset value due to changes in the ability of the counter-party to meet the contractual agreements (Thomas 2005). Performance risk includes the possible loses that may emanate from dishonest employees while operational risk include costs such as inability to meet regulatory requirements or settlement failures (Rao 1999). The bank’s net profit margin for 2012 was negative due to lack of growth of the non-customer interest income. The net profit margin was positive in 2013, but the current low interest environment prevailing in the market will continue maintaining the net interest income growth rate low. This means that the bank should divest the low-yielding non-core assets like investment securities portfolios in order to scale up the bank’s net interest margin. The operating margin was too low to generate substantial increase in net profits in 2013. The return on invested capital growth rate stagnated thus demonstrating imprudent investing strategy due to low returns from the non-core business segments. The improvements in return on assets and return on equity were low while the leverage position declined slightly due to injection of additional capital through rights issue. The stringent regulatory environment forced the bank to improve on its capitalisation and implement measures of lowering its leverage. Some of the measures implemented include the rights issue and reduction in the risk-weighted assets (RWAs) (Gregory 2011). Barclay’s loan to deposit ratio stood at 110 percent in 2012, but the ratio declined to 101 percent in 2013. The deposits were almost equal to the customer loans thus demonstrating increased prudence in retail lending. The investment banking business segment is funded by a high proportion of liabilities. The bank should have sufficient liquid assets to withstand any market and internal stresses (Mehta and Fung

Transportation City of Boston Essay Example for Free

Transportation City of Boston Essay Internet practices in the year 2000 were the elements that brought new challenges to the field of logistics. People started to expect more from the customer service field and from the quality and value that corporations provided. With these high expectations, the importance of transportation and logistics became a way to make firms more competitive by understanding their customers’ needs and the additional value that they are looking for. At this time, logistics continued to develop elements such as electronic-businesses; globalization; business alliances; and technological advancements. Technology is a logistical core competence with increasing importance, especially for the service providers. Most companies nowadays conduct their businesses through the internet. They use different Internet applications including websites for marketing purposes, tracking and tracing tools, information gathering, procurement, order entry and credit management. With the use of technology, companies even have the possibility of automating the logistics system; â€Å"a customer’s order can be generated automatically, transmitted via electronic data interchange (EDI) to a supplier’s computer, which then directs the required amount of the needed product be pulled automatically from the warehouse and shipped to the customer† (Gourdin, 2001, p.13). Furthermore, Gourdin (p.14) states that technology makes processes â€Å"without human intervention and with virtually no waiting time.† In addition, Internet and electronic-commerce are also important factors in developing the logistics system. The Internet has quickly become the easiest method for supplying information for both companies and customers. It has also become the choice of transmission device for exchanging forecasts, orders, inventory status, products updates and shipment information. Logistics is an important element in the field of electronic-commerce because firms have to reassess their logistics systems to make sure that their clients can get their products in an expeditious manner. Globalization, on the other hand, has also hastened the growth of logistics, especially in the areas of national, political and economic settings. Global operations need information technology integration to route orders and manage inventory requirements around the world and will need alliances that are essential in international commerce. This is also essential in providing market access and expertise to reduce the inherent risks of global operations associated with distance, demand, diversity, and documentation of international commerce. What role did transportation play in the economic development of the United States? Is this role of transportation still important today? The role that transportation played in the economic development of the United States economy was immense. The transportation revolution in the first decade of the 19th century halted the western isolation, during the period wherein United States experienced an economic growth known as â€Å"Era of Good Feelings†. During the 1800s, natural waterways were the only trade route for the Americans. After a century and with years of development, railroads and tracks were established. In the late 1920s, regional airlines opened and began regular operations for scheduled passenger flights. By the dawn of 1960s, the introduction of transportation through containers changed the way freights were traveled towards different countries and around the globe. Improvements and innovations in the transportation system developed through the years. Having a good transportation system meant economic and social opportunities for the people and such opportunities are later transmitted to benefits that are reflected in the economy. Transportation is a very visible element of logistics. The economy is largely dependent on the state of transportation in every nation. As such, without a reliable system of transportation, most commercial activities could not function. In the United States alone, more than 60 percent of total logistic cost is related to transportation services. Efficient transportation systems render economic and social opportunities that could benefit the society and give people the opportunity to penetrate into larger markets and also save time and costs. Mobility and the development of a good system of transportation have already created numerous opportunities to the people in the United States that were later translated to economic benefits by generating employment and boosting the national income. The transportation sector alone provided jobs for about 7.5 percent of the American workforce. With the development of the country’s infrastructure, the transportation system and its services must also be supported and maintained. For example, the federal government, through the taxes paid by the people, must allot funds to build and maintain railroad tracks, roads, bridges and highways. The transportation system in the United States has indeed developed over the years. People are now equipped with a number of alternatives of transportation methods to choose from that they find the most effective in terms of their necessities. However, even with these developments, people have not yet stopped on devising new transportation methods that will better cater the needs of the people in the future. Technology plays an important role in the transportation system. People rely on technology in order to enhance the efficiency of the existing transportation system. References Ballou, D. H. (1999). Business Logistics/Supply Chain Management. New Jersey: Pearson Education. Bowersox, D. J., Closs, D. J., Cooper, M. B. (2007). Supply Chain Logistics Management. New York: McGraw Hill International. Coyle, J. J., Bardi, E. J., Novack, R. A. (2005). Transportation. Ohio: Thomson South-Western. Gourdin, K. N. (2001). Global Logistics Management. Boston: Blackwell Publishing. Williams, A. ( 2001). The Role of Logistics in Internet Commerce. Retrieved August 08, 2008, from http://findarticles.com/p/articles/mi_qa3766/is_200110/ai_n8958764/pg_1?tag=artBody;col1

Science and the Judicial System Essay -- Biology Essays Research Paper

Science and the Judicial System Science and the Judicial System are two concepts that at face value seem to be very distinct and unique in their own nature, but at their cores they share interesting similarities and connections. They each propose a different way of understanding how we comprehend and place order. In this paper I'll address my understanding of both concepts, analyze their theories, backbones and failures, and then bring them both together through connections hopefully to support my idea that they are both inextricably connected to what we call life and its relationship to the human mind. Science is a controversial subject very much like Judicial System. Although Science is largely composed of observation, experiments and their results, it raises controversy because imagination and perspective play a key role in those interpretations. As we know that imagination and perspective vary with each person due to education, background, and experience; how is it possible that we can assign a concrete truth to such a varied conceptualization. Thus, we cannot formulate any concrete truth. In this sense I see Scientists more as Philosophers. Another issue I find when dealing with traditional scientific theories is that Science often fails to provide theories and explanations for phenomenon's that hold truth and validation in both a scientific context and the context of the human mind. I feel that Science often caters to a "black and white" way of formulating answers; it fails to recognize the gray areas. Often times people try to find the most common and accepted ways to support their theories and in doing so they adapt to the standard and more traditional ways of viewing the world. This leaves less room for creativit... ...ly in value but also politics. Both science and the judicial system produce gray areas when trying to understand and rationalize. Science and the judicial system are inextricably connected to life. We systematically try to put life in a box to create order, order insures a comfort, and that comfort often gets in the way of open-mindedness. The human mind by itself is a convoluted vast universe. We as scholars, scientists, and human kind need to understand and that by assigning truths, right or wrongs we are limiting the extend of our intellectual capacities. References 1)The Truth of Science, Physical Theories and Reality, An article from Harvard University Press http://www.hup.harvard.edu/catalog/NEWTRU.html 2)An Overview of American Abortion Laws, A thorough explanation of the laws concerning abortions http://hometown.ao.com/abrtbng/overview.htm

Muriel’s wedding critical analysis Essay

In Muriel’s wedding, the perception of comedian has soon arrived into a melodrama derived by P.J Hogan, as the film covers the low self-esteem Muriel in breaking through the bondages around her family and friends, trespassing from suburban to civilisation. Muriel begins the film as an overweight loser from Queensland, a woman trapped by a dysfunctional family, an apathetic neighbourhood, and a clique of beautiful â€Å"best friends.† The movie opens with a shot of a beautiful friend’s wedding, where one of the clique members is shown having an affair with the groom. The movie moves that fast: credits, wedding, affair. Before the scandalous couple have time to emerge from their private room the ugly misfit Muriel is taken into custody by the police. Apparently, she never paid for her leopard-print dress. (3) Hogan establishes his characters rather quickly. The evil clique is made up of Barbie look-alikes who criticize Muriel for not wearing frosted lipstick. Murie l is clumsy, overweight and â€Å"useless,† hopelessly ostracized from the inner circle by her unemployment and consequent failure to follow fashion. â€Å"I’ve got a job,† Muriel tells them, referring to a cosmetics sales position offered by her father’s mistress. â€Å"It’s not your clothes,† the friends retort, it’s you.† Crushed, Muriel steals money from her parents and buys a holiday at the same resort where the clique is staying. Once there she meets up with a friend from high school (Rachel Griffiths) whose noble character is symbolized by her short black hair and indifference toward fashion. The two women celebrate their independence from the neurosis of Porpoise Spit by running away to Sydney, where they get jobs, meet men, and have the time of their lives. â€Å"When I was living in Porpoise Spit I used to sit in my room all day and listen to Abba songs,† Muriel says. â€Å"Since I’ve come to Sydney, I haven’t listened to Abba at all.† Muriel’s Wedding uses the songs of the Swedish supergroup as a clever link to the thoughts and feelings of Muriel, a young Australian woman obsessed with becoming married as soon as possible. Muriel lives with her go-nowhere family in the town of Porpoise Spit, where she spends most of her time in her room, listening to ABBA when her father isn’t giving her grief. The point of this movie is very simple: in order to escape from insecurity and stagnant immobility one must rebel against the conventions held by beautiful people, cut one’s hair, buy a new wardrobe, and forge a new life on one’s own. If theft and dishonesty are the only ways that these ends can by achieved, so much the better. Another point of symbolisation in this case can be compared by the use of location VS Muriel’s self esteem. Read Also:  Critical Analysis Essay Topics Viewers can compare Muriel’s self esteem from the beginning as she stays in Porpoise Spit a so call suburbia or small town where she’s in search of a higher self esteem where here Sydney takes place. Although her ultimate utopia is still the wedding, however once met, she would kindly realize that life is far more beyond. (1)(6) Sadly to say that throughout the whole film, none of the scenes appear natural, instead, they look like Hogan has manipulated the gray shades of everyday experience in order to come up with a cast of characters that are either too black, too white, too good, or too obviously evil. Although Muriel’s Wedding does an excellent job of conveying the attitudes and economic realities of small Australian towns, it fails to capture the subtle interludes of conversation that make characters seem like real people. For example, the character of Muriel’s mother (Jeanie Drynan) is not developed at all. She is shown once standing in her kitchen, lost in a zombie-like trance, and then again in a restaurant, oblivious to the presence of her husband’s mistress. It is not until Muriel ignores her at her own wedding and Muriel’s father moves in with his mistress that we see this woman come to life, and then she kills herself. (6) Muriel’s father is another stock character, as is her celebrity immigrant husband. Hogan may as well have used cardboard cut outs to play their roles, writing â€Å"philandering politician† on one and â€Å"Olympic diver† on the other. Their lives do not figure into the plot of the movie; what matters is what they can do for Muriel. In the end they each contribute about ten grand. Muriel’s Wedding is an entertaining film after all with a bit of an identity crisis: it doesn’t know if it wants to be a comedy or a drama. The filmmakers perpetually toy with the viewers, dragging them from high comedy to melodramatic tragedy in a heartbeat, and more than once. This problem arises whenever the camera is not on Muriel, who really owns this picture completely. Whenever the plastic su pporting cast is the main focus, the film falls flat. A tacked-on, bittersweet ending doesn’t help, either. Reference 1.)http://www.sensesofcinema.com/contents/00/9/symposium.html#2 2.)http://ourworld.cs.com/_ht_a/amanandamouse/abbanaticfolder/murielsweddingfolder/murielswedding.html 3.)http://us.imdb.com/Title?0110598 4.)http://www.geocities.com/Athens/Forum/4657/film/muriel.htm 5.)http://movie-reviews.colossus.net/movies/m/muriels.html 6.)http://www.eng.umu.se/vw2000/Emma/Muriel’sWedding.htm

Boko Haram

Boko Haram From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia Jump to: navigation, search Boko Haram People Committed to the Propagation of the Prophet's Teachings and Jihad | Participant in the Nigerian Sharia conflict| Active| 2002–| Ideology| Islamism Islamic fundamentalism Oppose man-made law Support strict sharia law| Leaders| Mohammed Yusuf Abubakar Shekau[1] Mallam Sanni Umaru[2][3][not in citation given]Abu Qaqa – spokesman[4] Abu Zaid – spokesman[3]| Headquarters| Kanamma, Nigeria|Area  of operations| Northern Nigeria| Opponents| Nigerian State| Battles/wars| Nigerian Sharia conflict 2009 Nigerian sectarian violence| Map of Nigerian states that currently implement Shariah (in green) People Committed to the Propagation of the Prophet's Teachings and Jihad[5] (Arabic: , Jama'atu Ahlis Sunna Lidda'awati Wal-Jihad), better known by its Hausa name Boko Haram, is a jihadist terrorist organization based in the northeast of Nigeria. 6] It is an Islamist movement which strongly opposes man-made laws. Founded by Mohammed Yusuf in 2001[7] or 2002,[8] the organisation is a Muslim sect that seeks to abolish the secular system of government and establish sharia law in the country. [9][10] The group is also known for attacking Christian churches. [11] The movement, whose name in the Hausa language, Boko Haram, translates as â€Å"Western education is sacrilege†[9] or â€Å"a sin†,[12] is divided into three factions, and in 2011, was responsible for more than 450 killings in Nigeria. 9] Though the group first became known internationally following sectarian violence in Nigeria in 2009, it does not have a clear structure or evident chain of command. [13] Moreover, it is still a matter of debate whether Boko Haram has links to terror outfits outside Nigeria and its fighters have frequently clashed with Nigeria's central government. [9] Contents * 1 Etymology * 2 Ideology * 2. 1 Criticism * 3 History * 3. 1 Background * 3. 2 Origin * 3. 3 The beginning of violence * 3. 4 Reemergence * 4 Assessment * 5 Funding * 6 See also * 7 References * 8 External links| EtymologyThe group has adopted its official name to be People Committed to the Propagation of the Prophet's Teachings and Jihad, which is the English translation of Jama'atu Ahlis Sunna Lidda'awati wal-Jihad ( ). In the town of Maiduguri, where the group was formed, the residents dubbed it Boko Haram. The term â€Å"Boko Haram† comes from the Hausa word boko meaning â€Å"western education† and the Arabic word haram figuratively meaning â€Å"sin† (literally, â€Å"forbidden†). [14][15][16][17] The name, loosely translated from Hausa, means â€Å"western education is forbidden†.The group earned this name due to its strong opposition to anything Western, which it sees as corrupting Muslims. [18] Ideology Boko Haram is an indigenous Salafist group which only turned itself into a Salafist Jihadist group in 2009. [6] It propagat es that not only interaction with the Western World is forbidden, but it is also against the Muslim establishment and the government of Nigeria. [19] The group publicly extols its ideology despite the fact that its founder and former leader Muhammad Yusuf was himself a highly educated man who lived a lavish life and drove a Mercedes Benz. 14] The members of the group do not interact with the local Muslim population[20] and have carried out assassinations in the past of any one who criticises it, including Muslim clerics. [18] In a 2009 BBC interview, Muhammad Yusuf, then leader of the group, stated his belief that the concept of a spherical Earth is contrary to Islamic teaching and should be rejected, along with Darwinian evolution and the concept of rain originating from water evaporated by the sun. [21] Before his death, Yusuf reiterated the group's objective of changing the current education system and rejecting democracy. 22] Nigerian academic Hussain Zakaria told BBC News that the controversial cleric had a graduate education, spoke proficient English, lived a lavish lifestyle and drove a Mercedes-Benz. [21] In the wake of the 2009 crackdown on its members and its subsequent reemergence, the growing frequency and geographical range of attacks attributed to Boko Haram have led some political and religious leaders in the north to the conclusion that the group has now expanded beyond its original religious composition to include not only Islamic militants, but criminal elements and disgruntled politicians as well. Boko Haram has become a franchise that anyone can buy into. It's something like a Bermuda Triangle,† said Borno State Governor Kashim Shettima. [23] Criticism Dr Mu’azu Babangida Aliyu, the Niger State governor, has criticised the group saying â€Å"Islam is known to be a religion of peace and does not condone violence and crime in any form† and Boko Haram doesn't represent Islam. [24] The Sultan of Sokoto Sa'adu Abubakar, the s piritual leader of Nigerian Muslims, has called the sect â€Å"anti-Islamic† and, as reported by the website AllAfrica. om, â€Å"an embarrassment to Islam. â€Å"[25] The Coalition of Muslim Clerics in Nigeria (CMCN) have called on the Boko Haram to disarm and embrace peace. [26] The Islamic Circle of North America,[27] the Islamic Supreme Council of Canada,[28] The Muslim Council of Britain,[29] the Organization of Islamic Cooperation[30] and the Council on American Islamic Relations[31] have all condemned the group. History Background Main articles: Islam in Nigeria and Colonial NigeriaBefore colonisation and subsequent annexation into the British Empire, the Bornu Empire ruled the territory where Boko Haram is currently active. It was a sovereign sultanate run according to the principles of the Constitution of Medina, with a majority Kanuri Muslim population. The Bornu Sultanate emerged after the overthrow of the Kanem-Bornu Empire ruled by the Saifawa dynasty for over 2000 years. The Bornu Sultanate of the Kanuri is distinct from the Sokoto Caliphate of the Hausa/Fulani established in 1802 by the military conquest of Usman dan Fodio. 6] Both the Bornu Sultanate and Sokoto Caliphate came under control of the British in 1903. However, due to activities of early Christian missionaries who used Western education as a tool for evangelism, it is viewed with suspicion by the local population. [18] Increased dissatisfaction gave rise to many fundamentalists among the Kanuri and other peoples of northeast Nigeria. One of the most famous such fundamentalists was Mohammed Marwa, also known as Maitatsine, who was at the height of his notoriety during the 1970s and 1980s.He was sent into exile by the British authorities, he refused to believe Mohammed was the Prophet and instigated riots in the country which resulted in the deaths of thousands of people. Some analysts view Boko Haram as an extension of the Maitatsine riots. [32] Origin The group was founded b y Mohammed Yusuf in 2002 in the city of Maiduguri with the aim of establishing a Shari'a government in Borno State under former Governor Ali Modu Sheriff. [7][32] He established a religious complex that included a mosque and a school where many poor families from across Nigeria and from neighboring countries enrolled their children. 18] The centre had ulterior political goals and soon it was also working as a recruiting ground for future jihadis to fight the state. [18] The group includes members who come from neighbouring Chad and Niger and speak only Arabic. [33] In 2004 the complex was relocated to Yusuf's home state of Yobe in the village Kanamma near the Niger border. [22] Human Rights Watch researcher Eric Guttschuss told IRIN News that Yusuf successfully attracted followers from unemployed youth â€Å"by speaking out against police and political corruption. Abdulkarim Mohammed, a researcher on Boko Haram, added that violent uprisings in Nigeria are ultimately due to â€Å"t he fallout of frustration with corruption and the attendant social malaise of poverty and unemployment. â€Å"[34] The beginning of violence Timeline of incidents| 7 September 2010| Bauchi prison break[35]| 31 December 2010| December 2010 Abuja attack[36]| 22 April 2011| Boko Haram frees 14 prisoners during a jailbreak in Yola, Adamawa State[37]| 29 May 2011| May 2011 northern Nigeria bombings[38]| 6 June 2011| The group claims responsibility for the 2011 Abuja police headquarters bombing[39][40]| 26 June 2011| Bombing attack on a beer garden in Maiduguri, leaving 25 dead and 12 injured[41][42]| 10 July 2011| Bombing at the All Christian Fellowship Church in Suleja, Niger State[43]| 11 July 2011| The University of Maiduguri temperory closes down its campus citing security concerns[44]| 12 August 2011| Prominent Muslim Cleric Liman Bana is shot dead by Boko Haram[45]| 26 August 2011| 2011 Abuja bombing[46]| November 2011| 2011 Damaturu attacks[40][47][48]| 25 December 2011| December 2011 Nigeria bombings[49]| 5–6 January 2012| January 2012 Nigeria attacks[50]| 20 January 2012| January 2012 Kano bombings[51]| 28 January 2012| Nigerian army says it killed 11 Boko Haram insurgents[52]| 8 February 2012| Boko Haram claims responsibility for a suicide bombing at the army headquarters in Kaduna. [53]| 16 February 2012| Another prison break staged in central Nigeria; 119 prisoners are released, one warder killed. 54]| 8 March 2012| During a British hostage rescue attempt to free Italian engineer Franco Lamolinara and Briton Christopher McManus, abducted in 2011 by a splinter group Boko Haram, both hostages were killed. [55]| The group conducted its operations more or less peacefully during the first seven years of its existence[6] That changed in 2009 when the Nigerian government launched an investigation into the group's activities following reports that its members were arming themselves. 56] Prior to that the government reportedly repeatedly ignored warnings about the increasingly militant character of the organisation, including that of a military officer. [56] When the government came into action, several members of the group were arrested in Bauchi, sparking deadly clashes with Nigerian security forces which led to the deaths of an estimated 700 people. During the fighting with the security forces Boko Haram fighters reportedly â€Å"used fuel-laden motorcycles† and â€Å"bows with poison arrows† to attack a police station. [57] The group's founder and then leader Mohammed Yusuf was killed during this time while in police custody. 58][59][60] After Yusuf's killing, a new leader emerged whose identity was not known at the time. [61] Reemergence After the killing of M. Yusuf, the group carried out its first terrorist attack in Borno in January 2010. It resulted in the killing of four people. [62] Since then, the violence has only escalated in terms of both frequency and intensity. In January 2012, Abubakar Shekau, a form er deputy to Yusuf, appeared in a video posted on YouTube. According to Reuters, Shekau took control of the group after Yusuf's death in 2009. [1] Authorities had previously believed that Shekau died during the violence in 2009. 63] By early 2012, the group was responsible for over 900 deaths. [64] Assessment Boko Haram is considered a major potential terrorist threat affecting Nigeria and other countries, and U. S. officials believe it is potentially allied with Al Qaeda. U. S. Africa Command (AFRICOM) Commander General Carter F. Ham stated in September 2011 that three African terrorist groups – Shabab of Somalia, Al Qaeda in the Islamic Maghreb across the Sahel region, and Boko Haram – â€Å"have very explicitly and publicly voiced an intent to target Westerners, and the U.S. specifically† and that he was concerned with â€Å"the voiced intent of the three organizations to more closely collaborate and synchronize their efforts. â€Å"[65] General Ham reitera ted his concern after the Christmas Day 2011 bombings of churches in Nigeria: â€Å"I remain greatly concerned about their stated intent to connect with Al Qaeda senior leadership, most likely through Al Qaeda in the lands of the Islamic Maghreb. †[65] The US House of Representatives Subcommittee on Counterterrorism and Intelligence urged the Obama Administration and U.S. intelligence community in November 2011 to focus on Boko Haram as a potential threat to United States territory. [66] Nigeria's National Security Adviser, General Owoye Andrew Azazi, has been working with other African governments, European and Middle Eastern governments, and the U. S. government to build cooperation against Boko Haram. He met in 2010 with then-CIA Director Leon Panetta, and in 2011 with AFRICOM Commander General Ham, and other U. S. fficials, and was in the United States when the congressional panel was preparing its report on Boko Haram. He participated in a CIA conference at about the sam e time. [67] After the Christmas 2011 bombings carried out by Boko Haram, President Barack Obama's office issued a statement that confirmed that the U. S. and Nigeria were cooperating at a senior level against the terrorist group. [68] Funding A spokesman of Boko Haram claimed that Kano state governor Ibrahim Shekarau and Bauchi state governor Isa Yuguda has paid them monthly. [69][70]

Ralph Waldo Emerson essays

Ralph Waldo Emerson essays Many writers created during the 18th century, but none influenced so many people as did Emerson. Emerson was confused with his place in society in the beginning of his life, but as his ideas of philosophy grew, so did his reputation. Emerson turned his back on past family generations when he walked out on his career in ministry. As he absorbed knowledge and ideas of other philosophers, so did his own mind begin to expand. Before Emerson realized it, he was a well know lecturist who had people listening to him and being strongly influenced by his thoughts. Ralph Waldo Emerson, a writer and leader of his own philosophy, gained his recognition and knowledge through his lectures, his religion, and his own ideas as a philosopher. Ralph Waldo Emersons great lectures were based around natures ordeals and his religious and philosophical beliefs. Emerson was said to be a great teacher and lecturist by the many who heard him speak. To hear him lecture in his best days must have been a rare experience, for he required much of his audiences in concentration and understanding - more than many of the pioneer communities... (Kunitz 254). Emerson was never given the full credit he deserved for his speeches and books. He was more in it for the sheer desire of doing it. ...When he was most famous he no more then $600 a year from his books, so to support his family, his only way to do this was by lecturing (Kunitz 253). Emerson was never a popular man, but he always drew crowds when he spoke of the religion, philosophy, and society of his era. He intrigued people with his sophisticated mind and his intellectual theories on the subjects he spoke of. The people spoke highly of him once they heard his modest ideas. To them, as finally to America, he typified Man Thinking, the ideal scholar who would in the end, as in Platos Republic, be the worlds ideal king (Kuni...

ACT Question of the Day Complete Guide

ACT Question of the Day Complete Guide SAT / ACT Prep Online Guides and Tips Are you studying for the ACT? One great way to add some extra prep to your day is with ACT Questions of the Day. They are a fast and easy way to get in some additional prep and figure out where your strengths and weaknesses lie. Read on to find out where you can get the best ACT Questions of the Day, and how to use them most effectively to maximize your ACT score. Where to get the Best ACT Questions of the Day (QOTD) Online The best ACT QOTD can be found on the official ACT site. Every day they present a new question with a detailed explanation of the correct answer. Here’s an example of an official QOTD grammar question embedded within a larger passage. You can also find decent quality questions here. This site also gives you an explanation of the correct answer, though it’s not always as detailed as the explanations of the official QOTD. The following is an algebra Question of the Day. On your Smartphone You can conveniently access ACT test prep materials on your phone. For Android users, download the ACT QOTD app here. This app makes it easy to access ACT questions anywhere at any time, and it lets you save your answers and look back at any previous ACT questions you may have missed. For iPhone users, you can download the free ACT Student App. While this app is more geared towards general practice than QOTD, you can use it to answer practice questions and learn vocab words. As you can see, it’s as easy to access QOTD as it is to add an extra ACT prep question to your daily routine. So how can adding a question a day help you prepare for the ACT? How to Prep Effectively with QOTD One question a day may not seem like it could accomplish that much, and it’s definitely not a replacement for more extensive study. However, it can be very effective in exposing you to a great variety of ACT questions. ACT Question of the Day involves all types of questions, including English, Math, Reading, and Science (but excludes Writing), so you can get a sense of what you know well and what you need to study up on. Maybe an algebra question is a breeze for you, but coordinate geometry leaves you feeling lost? Mark down any difficult questions or mistakes in your notebook, and use this discovery as a launching off point to overcome your weaknesses. Even if you got the answer correct, make sure you understand exactly why you got it right and can confidently answer similar types of questions that test the same skill. By understanding your answers and analyzing your mistakes, you’ll be able to figure out your strengths and weaknesses and customize your ACT study plan so it’s most effective for you. Start early - even months ahead of your test date. This will ensure you get exposed to the most variety of questions. Always set aside time to do them as a daily habit - if they start to pile up and get backlogged, there’s not a big chance you’ll have time to go back to them in your busy schedule! ACT QOTD are most effective when they are just that - questions of the day, every day. A Few Limitations of ACT QOTD One limitation of ACT Question of the Day is that you can’t choose the difficulty level of the questions, easy, medium, or hard. However, you can try to determine the difficulty level on your own, as part of analyzing your strengths and weaknesses and figuring out where you need the most practice. You also can't select questions by subject - you can't get an ACT Math Question of the Day, for example. If you ignore your strengths and weaknesses across subjects - and within a subject - you won't make as much progress. Unlike practice tests, QOTD are a quick injection of test prep to your day - they are not helpful for understanding the timing and pacing of the test, or how to keep up your stamina and focus. Taking a practice test under simulated testing conditions is best for that. Finally, they are not helpful for practicing for the ACT essay, if you’re taking the ACT Plus Writing. To Sum Up†¦ ACT QOTD are effective for preparing you for the ACT a little everyday, as well as allowing you to encounter a variety of questions and figure out your strengths and weaknesses. They are fast and convenient, though not a replacement for your general ACT prep. Start early and you’ll be familiar with the types of questions on the ACT by the time you take the real test! What’s Next? To best prep for the ACT, you need official ACT practice tests and strategies for effective studying. You’re in luck! Check out our free ACT practice tests and learn how to use them to maximize your score. Aiming for that top composite score of 36? We have a comprehensive guide for how to achieve your perfect score by a 36 full scorer. Read about what he did to prep and how you can use the same approach. Want to improve your ACT score by 4+ points? Download our free guide to the top 5 strategies you need in your prep to improve your ACT score dramatically.

Evaluation of Evidence Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1750 words

Evaluation of Evidence - Essay Example The essay "Evaluation of Evidence" discusses if the prenatal breastfeeding education program impacts the period of absolute and proper breastfeeding for the pregnant women contemplating breastfeeding, as compared to not taking part in a prenatal breastfeeding education program.Mei Zen, Su-Chen, Avery, Wei, Kuan-Chia, and Meei-Ling conducted a study to assess an internet based breastfeeding training program offered to primigravidas in the 3rd trimester of pregnancy with the intention of intensifying breastfeeding understanding and boosting capabilities. The design entailed a sample of 120 women, at 29 to 36 weeks gestation, and showing the wish to take part in the breastfeeding education program. The participants were allowed to sign the consent forms that indicated their willful intentions of taking part in the study. The study established evident advancement in breastfeeding knowledge and perception on the posttest by the trial cohort compared with the controlled cohort. At 2, 4 and 6 weeks postpartum, the experimental group had evidently greater exclusive breastfeeding rates than the controlled cohort. It is evident from the study that nurses must strive to remain informed and techno-savvy. This entailed being prepared to provide answers to questions in the hospital settings, in the case online backup is not available. However, this paper encountered some weaknesses. The researchers chose a small population of a similar location, impacts of choosing and lack of generalization.

New York Times Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

New York Times - Essay Example These changes both in the use of the English language and the newspaper itself can be attributed to circumstance and the changing times including progress itself where language become more simplified to facilitate understanding. Some things however did not change such as the general look of the newspaper New York Times. The 1800s can be said to be still part of â€Å"wordy literature† and this can be observed in the August 2, 1888 publication of the New York Times. It is important to note here that newspapers are the simplest form of English of a society in a given day. But still, we can observe in 1838 edition of New York Times that used long sentences with several phrases in a sentence. It can even said that it did not follow the modern rules of writing the first paragraph of newspaper writing which is to use the five W’s (What, Where, Who, Why) and one H (How). This can be observed in the article entitled â€Å"THE POSITION TAKEN BY CONNECTICUT PROHIBITIONISTS: AN ENTHUSIASTIC STATE CONVENTION AT HARTFORD YESTERDAY-NOMINATING A FULL TICKET†. The first paragraph is so long that it took almost half of the length of the page. The content also reflected the conservative perspective of the day where it â€Å"favourably† reported the prohibition of liquor which is unthinkab le today in modern America. The technology of the printing press was obviously primitive as what we can observe in the simple column layout of the 1838 version of New York Times newspaper. The writing style of the New York Times newspaper dramatically changed 50 years later in its August 2, 1938 publication. The language â€Å"modernized† or became more simplified and adopted the modern rules of newspaper writing of following the 5W’s and one H in the first paragraph as an overview of the story to be written. The banner remained the same but the layout of the body of the newspaper allowed some fluidity and style because titles can now be written across columns unlike

Major Policy Stakeholders Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Major Policy Stakeholders - Essay Example A program which would smooth the way to integrate nutritional education and its transmission to the population. There is a national health agenda as a part of the government policies that promote a healthy lifestyle through preventive and educative approaches practices by the healthcare professionals.National Weight Control registry maintains a database which led to tools and tactics to maintain long-term weight loss. It has been shown that diet and exercise are the main steps for the success of preventive measures. Healthcare providers have important roles in motivating their patients to change lifestyle and modify dietary behaviors. Research has shown that brief interventions by physicians and healthcare providers on a regular and consistent basis may strongly reinforce positive behaviors in the patients. The environmental factors that promote obesity are taken with great seriousness by academia, government, industry, and healthcare. There is a consensus that portion sizes must be reduced with more attention to appropriate macronutrient intakes, such as low fat, high protein, low-energy foods. Obesity is alarmingly rising with implications of a public health problem of epidemic potentials. In the community, there are many stakeholders which can have a collaborative approach to prevent this problem through dealing with respective parts based on evidence. As indicated in the discussion above, various stakeholders are coming up with different propositions that may control the epidemic of obesity very successfully.

Traffic light controller using microprocessor

Traffic light controller using microprocessor Traffic Light Controller Using 8085 Microprocessor Aim The main aim of this project is to design a Traffic light controller using 8085 microprocessor, interfacing with peripheral device 8085, and program implementing the process. Introduction The 8085 Microprocessor is a popular Microprocessor used in Industries for various applications. Such as traffic light control, temperature control, stepper motor control, etc. In this project, the traffic lights are interfaced to Microprocessor system through buffer and ports of programmable peripheral Interface 8255. So the traffic lights can be automatically switched ON/OFF in desired sequence. The Interface board has been designed to work with parallel port of Microprocessor system. The hardware of the system consists of two parts. The first part is Microprocessor based system with 8085. Microprocessor as CPU and the peripheral devices like EPROM, RAM, Keyboard Display Controller 8279, Programmable as Peripheral Interface 8255, 26 pin parallel port connector, 21 keys Hexa key pad and six number of seven segment LEDs. The second part is the traffic light controller interface board, which consist of 36 LEDs in which 20 LEDs are used for vehicle traffic and they are connected to 20 port lines of 8255 through Buffer. Remaining LEDs are used for pedestrian traffic. The traffic light interface board is connected to Main board using 26 core flat cables to 26-pin Port connector. The LEDs can be switched ON/OFF in the specified sequence by the Microprocessor. The normal function of traffic lights requires sophisticated control and coordination to ensure that traffic moves as smoothly and safely as possible and that pedestrians are protected when they cross the roads. A variety of different control systems are used to accomplish this, ranging from simple clockwork mechanisms to sophisticated computerized control and coordination systems that self-adjust to minimize delay to people using the road. Traffic Controller Systems A traffic signal is typically controlled by a controller inside a cabinet mounted on a concrete pad. Although some electro-mechanical controllers are still in use (New York City still has 4,800), modern traffic controllers are solid state. The cabinet typically contains a power panel, to distribute electrical power in the cabinet; a detector interface panel, to connect to loop detectors and other detectors; detector amplifiers; the controller itself; a conflict monitor unit; flash transfer relays; a police panel, to allow the police to disable the signal; and other components. Fixed Time Control The simplest control system uses a timer (fixed-time): each phase of the signal lasts for a specific duration before the next phase occurs; this pattern repeats itself regardless of traffic. Many older traffic light installations still use these, and timer-based signals are effective in one way grids where it is often possible to coordinate the traffic lights to the posted speed limit. They are however disadvantageous when the signal timing of an intersection would profit from being adapted to the dominant flows changing over the time of the day. Dynamic Control Dynamic, or actuated, signals are programmed to adjust their timing and phasing to meet changing traffic conditions. The system adjusts signal phasing and timing to minimize the delay of people going through the intersection. It is also commonplace to alter the control strategy of a traffic light based on the time of day and day of the week, or for other special circumstances such as a major event causing unusual demand at an intersection. The controller uses input from detectors, which are sensors that inform the controller processor whether vehicles or other road users are present, to adjust signal timing and phasing within the limits set by the controllers programming. It can give more time to an intersection approach that is experiencing heavy traffic, or shorten or even skip a phase that has little or no traffic waiting for a green light. Detectors can be grouped into three classes: in-pavement detectors, non-intrusive detectors, and detection for non-motorized road users. Working Program Design of a microprocessor system to control traffic lights. The traffic light arrangement is as shown in Fig. The traffic should be controlled in the following manner. 1) Allow traffic from W to E and E to W transition for 20 seconds. 2) Give transition period of 5 seconds (Yellow bulbs ON) 3) Allow traffic from N to 5 and 5 to N for 20 seconds 4) Give transition period of 5 seconds (Yellow bulbs ON) 5) Repeat the process. Source Program: MVI A, 80H: Initialize 8255, port A and port B OUT 83H (CR): in output mode START: MVI A, 09H OUT 80H (PA): Send data on PA to glow R1 and R2 MVI A, 24H OUT 81H (PB): Send data on PB to glow G3 and G4 MVI C, 28H: Load multiplier count (40Ä ±ÃŽ ¿) for delay CALL DELAY: Call delay subroutine MVI A, 12H OUT (81H) PA: Send data on Port A to glow Y1 and Y2 OUT (81H) PB: Send data on port B to glow Y3 and Y4 MVI C, 0AH: Load multiplier count (10Ä ±ÃŽ ¿) for delay CALL: DELAY: Call delay subroutine MVI A, 24H OUT (80H) PA: Send data on port A to glow G1 and G2 MVI A, 09H OUT (81H) PB: Send data on port B to glow R3 and R4 MVI C, 28H: Load multiplier count (40Ä ±ÃŽ ¿) for delay CALL DELAY: Call delay subroutine MVI A, 12H OUT PA: Send data on port A to glow Y1 and Y2 OUT PB: Send data on port B to glow Y3 and Y4 MVI C, 0AH: Load multiplier count (10Ä ±ÃŽ ¿) for delay CALL DELAY: Call delay subroutine JMP START Delay Subroutine: DELAY: LXI D, Count: Load count to give 0.5 sec delay BACK: DCX D: Decrement counter MOV A, D ORA E: Check whether count is 0 JNZ BACK: If not zero, repeat DCR C: Check if multiplier zero, otherwise repeat JNZ DELAY RET: Return to main program References v www.rbainnovations.com//A%208085/H%20Traffic%20light%20controller-n.doc v www.freshpatents.com/-dt20090702ptan20090167561.php v http://www.8085projects.info/page/free-programs-for-8085-microprocessor.aspx v http://www.8085projects.info/post/Traffic-Light-Control.aspx v U.S.Shah, Microprocessor and its applications, Tech- Max Pulications, Pune.

Studying Genetically Altered Mice in Behavioral Genetics :: Behavioral Genetics

The field of behavior genetics is rapidly expanding. The practice of altering genes in mice and observing the effects is very common. Because of this it would be appropriate to adopt specific tests which will demonstrate the behavioral phenotype of the organism. In testing for the effects of genetic alteration it must first be ascertained that all of the necessary genotypes are represented. These include homozygous and heterozygous mice and wild type mice with no genetic alterations as controls. If significant differences are found between male and female mice the two sexes must be evaluated on their own. Care must also be taken in selecting the right strain of mice. This is because it has been found that in the strains that are usually used for testing some behaviors are noted to be aberrant and the unusual behavior in these genes might lead to the misinterpretation of the studied mutation. Different approaches are used in order to make the interpretation of these results more accurate in this sort of genetic background. When evaluating the behavior of genetically altered mice it must be ascertained that the mice don’t show any signs of aberrant behavior which would make further testing difficult or impossible. Indices of general health are obtained by recording the mouse’s weight, temperature, and any abnormal features. Neurological function is then assessed using different types of tests. The mouse is stimulated to see if it reacts normally to various different types of stimuli. Reflexes are measured by seeing how the animal reacts to a moving surface, light, and touch. The mouse is then observed in an area resembling an open field where its movements are recorded. Motor coordination is measure by placing it on a rotating rod and seeing how well it maintains its balance. This is also measures by recording its footprints in ink and measuring their pattern and the distance between them. The hearing ability of mice is also measured. These tests can help demonstrate the behavioral paradigms for the animal that is being studied. In some cases a deficit in motor or neurological function might make it impossible to run any further tests since almost all behavioral tests require certain basic functions such as locomotion. Sometimes the tests will have to be altered in order to effectively study the behavioral phenotype of the mice because of deficits in their functioning.

Advantage and Disadvantage Democracy Essay

I went to Shannon Vile for a special holiday. I stayed there for two days. In the last day of my trip, I went to the beach again. The view of the sea was extremely beautiful. I walked alone along the beach to absorb the fresh air from the sea. The beach was absolutely beautiful and had a lot of brilliant people on the beach. Some people played volleyball and some people walked along the beach like me. When I reached a small coffee shop, I felt thirsty.In the coffee shop had a lot of people, but among them had a beautiful lady who wore a red hat and black glasses. She sat alone and watched a photo. When I came next to her, I found that the person on the photo was me. I wondered why she got my photo. At first, I thought that she was my friend. When I saw her face, I knew clearly that she was not my friend. I asked her why she got this photo. She said that she got it when she walked along the street and it was on her way, so she picked it up. She was very friendly. We had a conversation for hours.She had many things in common with me. We had fun together and she said that it was a hilarious that she has never met before. We felt delighted and enjoyed our talking in the beautiful beach. Since then, she became my best friend and we have good relationship with each other until present time. Experience of Being Alone In the Forest Last month, I had a Journey to the forest. I went there alone and I brought some foods with me. To reach the middle of the forest took about two hours. I felt extremely exhausted. When I reached the middle of the forest, I decided to have a top.The landscape In the forest was wonderful and there were many big trees. I had lunch alone in the forest and I took a nap for ten minutes after the lunch time. After taking a nap, I read a book. The title of the book was â€Å"Watch Out of the BeÐ’Â «. When I read this book, I knew some strategies to protect myself from the bears. I came into the forest because I wanted to have a brilliant experi ence of being alone in the forest. I was reading and eating at the same time. While I was reading, I heard a strange sound behind me. I looked around but I did not see anything.I only saw the big trees surround me. I continued my reading for five minutes. I heard the strange sound again. Immediately, I turned back and I saw a big bear behind me. It seemed like a cruel bear. I felt nervous and I did not know how to do. The big bear wanted to attack me, but I tried my best to escape from this bad situation. I ran and screamed without turning back to find the safety place that the bear could not find. After that I knew that I had left my leather bag and everything there. So after this event, I have

Post Traumatic Stress Disorder in the Military

Posttraumatic Stress Disorder in the Military Proposal for MSA 685 Project Ronnie Heare Dr. Robert E. Weltzer Jr. Table of Contents Abstract3 Problem Statement4 Purpose of Study4 Literature Review5 Methodology8 References9 Literature Review Posttraumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD) is becoming an ever increasing problem in today’s military. This disorder is nothing new and has affected veterans from World War I, World War II, the Korean War, the Vietnam War and Desert Shield/Desert Storm.There are particularly good descriptions of posttraumatic stress symptoms in the medical literature on combat veterans of World War II and on Holocaust survivors. (Veterans Affairs Fact Sheet, 2006). But with the many deployments in the past several years to Iraq and Afghanistan, with many soldiers going over for the third or fourth deployments, the pressures mounting on today’s military has become too much for some to handle. The main difference between past wand present wars is the ever in creasing number of women who are seeing combat on the front lines.Women are being tasked to fill more and more lethal combat roles as the war on terror continues and women appear to be more susceptible to PTSD than their male counterparts. Studies indicate that many of these women suffer from more pronounced and debilitating forms of PTSD than men, a worrisome finding in a nation that remembers how many traumatized troops got back from Vietnam and turned to drugs and violence, alcohol and suicide. (Scharnberg, 2005).The government is extremely concerned about this and has begun doing studies on how to combat the lingering effects of this disorder. Half of the women will be treated to long term therapy in which they will relive the traumatic events that led up to PTSD in hopes that their emotional distress will decrease over time and that their memory of the event is no longer traumatic. The other half of the women will be treated with a therapy that will focus on their life now and how to deal with the traumatic event in the present rather than the past.Although the goal of the study is to determine which therapies work best for women suffering from PTSD, experts agree that if the study is conclusive it eventually may be applied to tens of thousands of Iraq war veterans, male and female alike. (Scharnberg, 2005). While many soldiers are receiving help with their disorder, for some, the help comes too late and they are unable to cope or continue with their life. Since combat operations began in March 2003, 45 soldiers have killed themselves in Iraq, and an additional two dozen have committed suicide after returning home, the Army has confirmed. Mclemore, 2005). While these numbers are staggering some experts feel that the worst is yet to come. The problem for some is that they either do not know there is a problem or do not want anyone to know that they have a problem. The Army has recently begun screening of personnel that have recently returned from a deploym ent but that still does not help the thousands who have returned in previous years. According to Veterans Affairs (VA) data, 9. 600 of the 360,000 soldiers discharged after fighting in Iraq and Afghanistan have received a provisional diagnosis of PTSD. Mclemore, 2005). As the military continues to struggle with helping veterans with PTSD, there is another problem that also lingers. Many soldiers are returning to Iraq and Afghanistan with mental illness and given anti-depressants to help with their problems. A 2004 Army report found that up to 17 percent of combat-seasoned infantrymen experienced major depression, anxiety or post-traumatic stress disorder after one combat tour to Iraq. Less than 40 percent of them had sought mental-health care. (Rogers, 2006).One problem lies in that many soldiers want to return to combat with their units and as long as they are medically cleared to go then they are permitted to go. The second problem is the medical professional basically being able to predict the future and how the deployment will affect the soldier returning to combat. Had these soldiers been drafted and put on medication and sent back to combat there would have been many questions asked. Since this is an all volunteer Army it is too often assumed that these soldiers will do whatever is asked of them.Think of the ethical questions that would arise from sending draftees back to war on medications. (Rogers, 2006). It is clear that the amount and rate of deployments is not going to slow down in the near future. Until the military, not just the Army, can come up with a way to screen soldiers before and after deployments, there will be a continuous rise in the amount of soldiers suffering from PTSD. Methodology In the research paper I will provide historical as well as statistical data from the previous wars the United States Military has been involved in.I will show how the military has failed to cope with this ever increasing problem and the impact it has had an d will have on the future our military force. It has become obvious that men and women are becoming increasingly wary of entering our Armed Forces today because of the thought of deploying to Iraq, Afghanistan or some other country. I will use data that has already been collected from many sources, Veterans Affairs, military, etc, to substantiate these findings. Until the deployments slow down and we tart taking better care of our veterans this reluctance to join the Armed Forces is not going to get any better. Couple this with the ever decreasing benefits and the unwillingness of the people in charge to ensure that money is made available to care for the traumas of war people will continue to stay away from the military. I will also discuss the differences with PTSD in men and women and the types to therapies being used on both. Finally, the paper will discuss ways that the military can assist and support, not only soldiers with PTSD, but the family members that suffer along with t hem.References Department of Veterans Affairs Homepage. What is Posttraumatic Stress Disorder? [online]. Available: http://www. ncptsd. va. gov/topics/war. html (2006, February 22). Mclemore, David. (2005, Dec 8). For troops, stress a lingering hazard. The Dallas Morning News. Nadelson, Theodore. Damage: War's Awful Aftermath. In Trained to Kill: Soldiers at War, 89-103. Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press, 2005. 191pp. (U21. 5 . N33 2005) Rogers, Rick. (2006, March 19).Some troops headed back to Iraq are mentally ill. The San Diego Union Tribune. Scharnberg, Kirsten. (2005, March 28). Women GIs and Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder. The Chicago Tribune. U. S. Government Accountability Office. VA Health: VA Should Expedite the Implementation of Recommendations Needed to Improve Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder Services. Washington, D. C. : U. S. Government Accountability Office, February 2005. 58pp. Available from http://www. gao. gov/new. items/d05287. pdf. Internet. Post Traumatic Stress Disorder in the Military Posttraumatic Stress Disorder in the Military Proposal for MSA 685 Project Ronnie Heare Dr. Robert E. Weltzer Jr. Table of Contents Abstract3 Problem Statement4 Purpose of Study4 Literature Review5 Methodology8 References9 Literature Review Posttraumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD) is becoming an ever increasing problem in today’s military. This disorder is nothing new and has affected veterans from World War I, World War II, the Korean War, the Vietnam War and Desert Shield/Desert Storm.There are particularly good descriptions of posttraumatic stress symptoms in the medical literature on combat veterans of World War II and on Holocaust survivors. (Veterans Affairs Fact Sheet, 2006). But with the many deployments in the past several years to Iraq and Afghanistan, with many soldiers going over for the third or fourth deployments, the pressures mounting on today’s military has become too much for some to handle. The main difference between past wand present wars is the ever in creasing number of women who are seeing combat on the front lines.Women are being tasked to fill more and more lethal combat roles as the war on terror continues and women appear to be more susceptible to PTSD than their male counterparts. Studies indicate that many of these women suffer from more pronounced and debilitating forms of PTSD than men, a worrisome finding in a nation that remembers how many traumatized troops got back from Vietnam and turned to drugs and violence, alcohol and suicide. (Scharnberg, 2005).The government is extremely concerned about this and has begun doing studies on how to combat the lingering effects of this disorder. Half of the women will be treated to long term therapy in which they will relive the traumatic events that led up to PTSD in hopes that their emotional distress will decrease over time and that their memory of the event is no longer traumatic. The other half of the women will be treated with a therapy that will focus on their life now and how to deal with the traumatic event in the present rather than the past.Although the goal of the study is to determine which therapies work best for women suffering from PTSD, experts agree that if the study is conclusive it eventually may be applied to tens of thousands of Iraq war veterans, male and female alike. (Scharnberg, 2005). While many soldiers are receiving help with their disorder, for some, the help comes too late and they are unable to cope or continue with their life. Since combat operations began in March 2003, 45 soldiers have killed themselves in Iraq, and an additional two dozen have committed suicide after returning home, the Army has confirmed. Mclemore, 2005). While these numbers are staggering some experts feel that the worst is yet to come. The problem for some is that they either do not know there is a problem or do not want anyone to know that they have a problem. The Army has recently begun screening of personnel that have recently returned from a deploym ent but that still does not help the thousands who have returned in previous years. According to Veterans Affairs (VA) data, 9. 600 of the 360,000 soldiers discharged after fighting in Iraq and Afghanistan have received a provisional diagnosis of PTSD. Mclemore, 2005). As the military continues to struggle with helping veterans with PTSD, there is another problem that also lingers. Many soldiers are returning to Iraq and Afghanistan with mental illness and given anti-depressants to help with their problems. A 2004 Army report found that up to 17 percent of combat-seasoned infantrymen experienced major depression, anxiety or post-traumatic stress disorder after one combat tour to Iraq. Less than 40 percent of them had sought mental-health care. (Rogers, 2006).One problem lies in that many soldiers want to return to combat with their units and as long as they are medically cleared to go then they are permitted to go. The second problem is the medical professional basically being able to predict the future and how the deployment will affect the soldier returning to combat. Had these soldiers been drafted and put on medication and sent back to combat there would have been many questions asked. Since this is an all volunteer Army it is too often assumed that these soldiers will do whatever is asked of them.Think of the ethical questions that would arise from sending draftees back to war on medications. (Rogers, 2006). It is clear that the amount and rate of deployments is not going to slow down in the near future. Until the military, not just the Army, can come up with a way to screen soldiers before and after deployments, there will be a continuous rise in the amount of soldiers suffering from PTSD. Methodology In the research paper I will provide historical as well as statistical data from the previous wars the United States Military has been involved in.I will show how the military has failed to cope with this ever increasing problem and the impact it has had an d will have on the future our military force. It has become obvious that men and women are becoming increasingly wary of entering our Armed Forces today because of the thought of deploying to Iraq, Afghanistan or some other country. I will use data that has already been collected from many sources, Veterans Affairs, military, etc, to substantiate these findings. Until the deployments slow down and we tart taking better care of our veterans this reluctance to join the Armed Forces is not going to get any better. Couple this with the ever decreasing benefits and the unwillingness of the people in charge to ensure that money is made available to care for the traumas of war people will continue to stay away from the military. I will also discuss the differences with PTSD in men and women and the types to therapies being used on both. Finally, the paper will discuss ways that the military can assist and support, not only soldiers with PTSD, but the family members that suffer along with t hem.References Department of Veterans Affairs Homepage. What is Posttraumatic Stress Disorder? [online]. Available: http://www. ncptsd. va. gov/topics/war. html (2006, February 22). Mclemore, David. (2005, Dec 8). For troops, stress a lingering hazard. The Dallas Morning News. Nadelson, Theodore. Damage: War's Awful Aftermath. In Trained to Kill: Soldiers at War, 89-103. Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press, 2005. 191pp. (U21. 5 . N33 2005) Rogers, Rick. (2006, March 19).Some troops headed back to Iraq are mentally ill. The San Diego Union Tribune. Scharnberg, Kirsten. (2005, March 28). Women GIs and Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder. The Chicago Tribune. U. S. Government Accountability Office. VA Health: VA Should Expedite the Implementation of Recommendations Needed to Improve Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder Services. Washington, D. C. : U. S. Government Accountability Office, February 2005. 58pp. Available from http://www. gao. gov/new. items/d05287. pdf. Internet.